Activity synchrony and travel direction synchrony in wild female Japanese macaques

• Simultaneous observations of wild macaques allowed us to explore their spatial cohesion and behavioural synchrony. Degree activity synchrony was higher when the were within visual range. Behavioural located closer each other. Macaques highly synchronized during foraging. The degree animals a group can be considered reflection how individuals adjust behaviours manage costs/benefits accompanying group-living. In this study, we focused on travel direction as We aimed quantify identify which factors affect in females Japanese macaques. live female philopatric multi-female multi-male groups have linear dominance hierarchy. are characterized by changing spatio-temporal cohesiveness among members. Two observers conducted simultaneous focal animal sampling adult using global positioning system devices record locations. overall positive compared with random, highest range Both influenced cohesion, i.e. interindividual distance, shows that probabilities closer. Activity also type, showing engaged These results suggest foraging may caused enhanced feeding other members they Our approach quantitatively measure dispersal while observing simultaneously revealed roles types for determining